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A feed-in tariff (FIT, standard offer contract)〔(Policymaker's Guide to Feed-in Tariff Policy Design ) Couture, T., Cory, K., Kreycik, C., Williams, E., (2010). National Renewable Energy Laboratory, U.S. Dept. of Energy〕 advanced renewable tariff〔(Renewable Energy Policy Mechanisms )〕 or renewable energy payments is a policy mechanism designed to accelerate investment in renewable energy technologies. It achieves this by offering long-term contracts to renewable energy producers, typically based on the cost of generation of each technology.〔〔 Rather than pay an equal amount for energy, however generated, technologies such as wind power, for instance, are awarded a lower per-kWh price, while technologies such as solar PV and tidal power are offered a higher price, reflecting costs that are higher at the moment. In addition, feed-in tariffs often include "tariff degression", a mechanism according to which the price (or tariff) ratchets down over time. This is done in order to track〔 and encourage technological cost reductions.〔〔()〕 The goal of feed-in tariffs is to offer cost-based compensation to renewable energy producers, providing price certainty and long-term contracts that help finance renewable energy investments.〔 ==Description== FITs typically include three key provisions:〔Mendonça, M. (2007). Feed-in Tariffs: Accelerating the Deployment of Renewable Energy. London: EarthScan.〕 *guaranteed grid access *long-term contracts *cost-based purchase prices Under a feed-in tariff, eligible renewable electricity generators, including homeowners, business owners, farmers and private investors, are paid a cost-based price for the renewable electricity they supply to the grid. This enables diverse technologies (wind, solar, biogas, etc.) to be developed and provides investors a reasonable return. This principle was explained in Germany's 2000 RES Act: As a result, the tariff (or rate) may differ by technology, location (e.g. rooftop or ground-mounted for solar PV projects), size (residential or commercial scale) and region.〔 The tariffs are typically designed to decline over time to track and encourage technological change.〔Couture, T., Gagnon, Y., (2010). An analysis of feed-in tariff remuneration models: Implications for renewable energy investment. Energy Policy, 38 (2), 955-965, 〕 FITs typically offer a guaranteed purchase agreement for long (15–25 year) periods.〔〔Lipp, J. (2007) "Lessons for effective renewable electricity policy from Denmark, Germany and the United Kingdom," Energy Policy, Volume 35, Issue 11, pp.5481–5495.〕 Performance-based rates give incentives to producers to maximize the output and efficiency of their project.〔Klein, A.; Pfluger, B. Held, A.; Ragwitz, M.; Resch, G. (Evaluation of Different Feed-in Tariff Design Options: Best Practice Paper for the International Feed-in Cooperation ) (Fraunhofer ISI) (October 2008). 2nd Edition. Berlin, Germany: BMU. Retrieved 1 November 2008〕 , feed-in tariff policies had been enacted in over 50 countries, including Algeria, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Republic of Ireland, Israel, Italy, Kenya, the Republic of Korea, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand, Turkey and the United Kingdom.〔(REN21 Global Status Report, 2010 ), pp.37-8, Tab.2〕 In early 2012 in Spain, the Rajoy administration suspended the Feed-in tariff for new projects.〔(REN21 Global Status Report, 2012 ), p.70〕 In 2008, a detailed analysis by the European Commission concluded that "well-adapted feed-in tariff regimes are generally the most efficient and effective support schemes for promoting renewable electricity".〔European Commission (COM), 2008. Commission Staff Working Document, Brussels, 57, 23 January 2008. Retrieved 17 November 2008 at: http://ec.europa.eu/energy/climate_actions/doc/2008_res_working_document_en.pdf〕 This conclusion was supported by other analyses, including by the International Energy Agency,〔International Energy Agency (IEA) (2008). Deploying Renewables: Principles for Effective Policies, ISBN 978-92-64-04220-9.〕〔de Jager, D., Rathmann, M. (2008). Policy Instrument Design to Reduce Financing Costs in Renewable Energy Technology Projects. Work performed by ECOFYS, Ultrecht, The Netherlands. Paris, France: International Energy Agency – Renewable Energy Technology Deployment. Retrieved 9 March 2009 at: http://www.iea-retd.org/files/RETD_PID0810_Main.pdf.〕 the European Federation for Renewable Energy,〔European Renewable Energy Federation (EREF 2007). Prices for Renewable Energies in Europe for 2006⁄2007: Feed in tariffs versus Quota Systems – a comparison. Doerte Fouquet, editor, Brussels, Belgium, available at http://www.eref-europe.org/library/price-report/ 〕 as well as by Deutsche Bank. A feed in tariff can differentiate on the basis of marginal cost. This is a theoretical alternative which is based on the concept of price differentiation (Finon). Under such a policy the tariff price ranges from some level slightly above the spot rate to the price required to obtain the optimal level of production determined by the government. Firms with lower marginal costs receive prices on the lower end of the spectrum that increase their revenue but not by as much as under the uniform feed in tariff. The more marginal producers face the higher tariff price. This version of the policy has two objectives. The first is to reduce the profitability of certain production cites. Many renewable sources are highly dependent on their location. For example, windmills are most profitable in windy locations, and solar plants are best at sunny locations. This means that generators tend to be concentrated at these most profitable sites. The differentiated tariff seeks to make less naturally productive sites more profitable and so spread out the generators which many consider to be an undesirable good in the area (Finon). Imagine cutting down all the forests to build wind farms; this would not be good for the environment. This however leads to a less cost effective production of renewable electricity as the most efficient sites are being under utilized. The other goal of tariffs differentiated by marginal cost is to reduce the cost of the program (Finon). Under the uniform tariff all producers received the same price which was at times in gross excess of the price needed to incentivize them to produce. The additional revenue translates into profit. Thus, the differentiated tariff attempts to give each producer what it requires to maintain production so that the optimal market quantity of renewable energy production can be reached (Finon).〔Finon, Dominique and Menanteau, Philippe (2004) "The Static and Dynamic 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Feed-in tariff」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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